. Tauber, Sarah K; Dunlosky, John 2015-02-01 Researchers have recently begun to investigate people's ability to monitor their learning of natural categories. For concept learning tasks, a learner seeks to accurately monitor learning at the category level - i.e., to accurately judge whether exemplars will be correctly classified into the appropriate category on an upcoming test. Our interest was in whether monitoring resolution at the category level would improve as participants gain task experience across multiple study-test blocks, as well as within each block. In four experiments, exemplar birds (e.g., American Goldfinch, Cassin's Finch) paired with each family name (e.g., Finch) were studied, and participants made a judgment of learning (JOL) for each exemplar. Of most interest, before and after studying the exemplars, participants made category learning judgments (CLJs), which involved predicting the likelihood of correctly classifying novel birds into each family. Tests included exemplars that had been studied or exemplars that had not been studied (novel).
This procedure was repeated for either one or two additional blocks. The relative accuracy of CLJs did not improve across blocks even when explicit feedback was provided, whereas item-by-item JOL accuracy improved across blocks. Category level resolution did improve from pre-study to post-study on an initial block, but it did not consistently increase within later blocks. The stable accuracy of CLJs across blocks poses a theoretical and empirical challenge for identifying techniques to improve people's ability to judge their learning of natural categories. Hesping, Frank 2015-01-01 For the ‘front-line’ purchasing agent, it is obvious that not all categories of products and supplier relationships should be managed in the same way.
Rather, in a modern category management approach, firms group similar products into ‘sourcing categories’ forming coherent supply markets (e.g.,. Crepeau, F 1986-11-01 Because Canada has no terrestrial border other than that with the US, the potential for significant uncontrolled migration is low and the country is able to implement a selective and relatively voluntarist immigration policy. The government prepares an annual report indicating the number of immigrants to be admitted and the demographic considerations used to arrive at the number. Immigrants are classified as familial, humanitarian, or economic, and each category has its own selection criteria designed to determine the capacity of the candidate to become successfully established in Canada.
Canadian immigration authorities have very wide latitude in interpreting selection criteria and evaluating candidates. Family members can seek entry if they will be sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident at least 18 years old who is judged able to do so by an immigration agent. Humanitarian immigration includes refugees, 'voluntary exiles' from Eastern European countries excluding Yugoslavia, 'Indochinese', and 'political prisoners and oppressed persons' from Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, Uruguay, and Poland. Special arrangements sometimes made in emergencies have benefitted Haitians, Italian earthquake victims, unaccompanied Indochinese minors, Iranian Bahais, and others. The category of 'economic immigrants' includes independent, unsponsored individuals who wish to establish themselves in Canada to exercise a profession. Such candidates are awarded points for educational level, specific professional preparation, experience, need for workers in their profession, age, knowledge of English or French, and other factors, but the immigration agent can disregard the points if in his opinion they do not accurately reflect the candidate's chances of establishing himself successfully in Canada. Various categories of workers have slightly different admissions criteria: retired persons, businessmen and investers, and other workers.
The order of priority for consideration of. Till Poppels 2014-08-01 Full Text Available To test whether word- level information facilitates the learning of phonetic categories, 40 adult native English speakers were exposed to a bimodal distribution of vowels embedded in non-words. Half of the subjects received phonetic categories aligned with lexical categories, while the other half received no such cue. It was hypothesized that the subjects exposed to lexically-informative training stimuli that were aligned with the target categories would outperform the control subjects on a perceptual categorization task after training. While the results revealed no such group differences, the data indicated that many subjects used the relevant dimension for categorization before having received any training. Implications regarding experimental design and suggestions for future research based on the results are discussed.
Stewart, John 2014-01-01 Cognitive Science, in all its guises, has not yet accorded any fundamental importance to the social dimension of human cognition. In order to illustrate the possibilities that have not so far been developed, this article seeks to pursue the idea, first put forward by Durkheim, that the major categories which render conceptual thought possible may actually have a social origin. Durkheim illustrated his thesis, convincingly enough, by examining the societies of Australian aborigines. The aim here is to extend this idea to cover the case of the conceptual categories underpinning modern Western science, as they developed historically first in Ancient Greece, and then at the Renaissance. These major non-empirical concepts include those of abstract Space (Euclidean space, perfectly homogeneous in all its dimensions); abstract Time (conceived as spatially linearized, with the possibility of imaginatively going back and forth); and a number of canonical logical categories (equality, abstract quantity, essential versus accidental properties, the continuous and the discontinuous, the transcendental). Sohn-Rethel (1978) has proposed that the heart of the conceptual categories in question is to be found in an analysis of the exchange abstraction.
This hypothesis will be fleshed out by examining the co-emergence of new social structures and new forms of conceptual thought in the course of historical evolution. This includes the Renaissance, which saw the emergence of both Capitalism and Modern Science; and on the contemporary situation, where the form of social life is dominated by financial speculation which goes together with the advent of automation in the processes of production.
It is concluded that Cognitive Science, and in particular the nascent paradigm of Enaction, would do well to broaden its transdisciplinary scope to include the dimensions of sociology and anthropology. Townsley, Eleanor 2007-01-01 This article describes an exercise that explores how race categories and classifications are socially constructed scientifically.
In an introductory sociology setting, students compare their perceptions of the size of minority populations with counts from the U.S. In a series of debriefing sessions, students analyze both their perceptions. Rytina, Steve; Morgan, David L. 1982-01-01 Proposes a quantitative conceptual scheme to describe the features of intergroup and intragroup relations. The article examines, both qualitatively and in formal equations, the tautologies that govern contract rates and network densities for any population that can be divided into two categories. (Author/RM).
Piernot, C.A.; Rothweiler, M.A.; Levine, A.; Crews, R. 1981-03-01 The results are described of an investigation of likely social effects of enacting nine proposed national- level policy initiatives to accelerate development and use of solar energy. This study is part of the Technology Assessment of Solar Energy Systems (TASE) project supported by the US Department of Energy. The report presents general social impact information about the variety of ways in which the American people could be affected by enactment of these initiatives. It identifies the effects of each initiative on individuals, groups, organizations, communities, and society as a whole. In addition, it provides a framework for organizing a myriad of impact information into a set of conceptually exclusive impact categories. It illustrates that social impacts means effects on people as individuals, groups, organizations, and communities as well as on the infrastructure of society.
Finally, it demonstrates the importance of specifying an audience of impact with a case example from the residential rental market. Sabrina Neugebauer 2014-07-01 Full Text Available Social well-being and social justice are meant to create a positive outcome meaningful for people and societies. According to the guidelines of social life cycle assessment, especially well-being should be considered as the main area of protection to assess social impacts of products.
In addition, equity and equality need to be addressed in terms of social justice to ensure a fair and ethic society. However, even if a lot of studies focused on the definition social indicators to assess resulting impacts, neither have scientific or common agreements been founded to define a valid set of indicators, nor have consistent pathways from inventory towards impact indicators been established. This work, therefore, proposes possible pathways from life cycle inventory to impact assessment of two social midpoint categories: fair wage and level of education. Respective cause-effect-chains are developed based on the environmental life cycle assessment principle.
Correspondingly, social inventory indicators throughout direct impacts to midpoint and endpoint categories are defined. Three endpoint categories are included (economic welfare, damage to human health and environmental stability to address social well-being and social justice. Qualitative characterization factors and a scaling method are proposed to evaluate the impacts according to threshold and reference values from valuable literature.
Altvater-Mackensen, Nicole; Grossmann, Tobias 2015-01-01 Infants' language exposure largely involves face-to-face interactions providing acoustic and visual speech cues but also social cues that might foster language learning. Yet, both audiovisual speech information and social information have so far received little attention in research on infants' early language development. Using a preferential. Ulviye 2014-04-01 Full Text Available This study examined some basic motoric features of elite Turkish kickboxers according to their weight categories (light, middle and heavy-weight and sporting success. The study included 37 kickboxers in the camping period prior to the European Kickboxing Championship, and the participants were divided into three categories: Group A=Light-weight (60 kg and less, n=8; Group B=Middle-weight (between 61 and 74 kg, n=16; and Group C=Heavy-weight (75 kg and more, n=13. Participants were also divided into two groups: medalists (n=14; 22.07±3.17 years, 175.35±8.30cm, 68.92±15.77kg and non-medalists athletes (n=23; 23.04±4.80 years, 179.96±7.09cm, 75.01±14.78kg. The participants completed a 20-meter sprint and tests of flexibility, handgrip strength, back and leg strength, balance and reaction.
In conclusion, a significant difference was observed only in the parameters of absolute and relative strength between the weight categories, whereas no significant difference was found in the parameters of reaction, flexibility, balance and sprint. In addition, the basic motoric features of medalist athletes, which were different from others, were found to be relative strengths relative right hand grip strength (0.71±0.11, 0.63±0.08 kg, relative left hand grip strength (0.71±0.11, 0.63±0.08 kg, relative leg strength (1.86±0.39, 1.60±0.26 kg, relative back strength (1.98±0.52, 1.62±0.32 kg and speed (2.82±0.26, 3.18±0.47 sec p.